LB
Long Bearch (USA) or Pounds
LBP
Length Between Perpendiculars
LC
Last Cargo or London Clause
LC-50
Lethal Concentration 50. This concentration of a hazardous material in air is expected to kill 50% of a group of test animals when given as a single respiratory exposure in a specific time period
LCI
Lambert’s Capesize Index
LCL
Less than Full Container Load
LCL/FCL
More than one Shipper/one Consignee
LD
Lethal Dose. The dose of a substance being tested which will kill a test+ animal.
LD-50
Lethal Dose 50. The single dose, other than inhalation, that causes death in 50% of an animal population from exposure to a hazardous substance.
LD-LO
Lethal Dose Low. The lowest dose, other than inhalation, that caused death in humans or animals.
LDPE
Low Density Polyethylene. A plastic used predominantly in film applications due to its toughness, flexibility and relative transparency. LDPE has a low melting point, making it popular for use in applications where heat sealing is necessary. Typically, LDPE is used to manufacture flexible films such as those used for plastic retail bags and garment dry cleaning and grocery bags. LDPE is also used to manufacture some flexible lids and bottles, and it is widely used in wire and cable applications for its stable electrical properties and processing characteristics. (Adapted from Modern Plastics Encyclopedia 1995)
LDT
Light Displacement tonnes
Lead
Tetra-ethyl (TEL) or tetra-methyl (TML) lead, primarily. These lead alkyls improve the octane rating of certain motor gasoline blendstocks quite inexpensively. Concern about the health effects of lead and other airborne pollutants generated restrictions on use of these octane boosters in many parts of the world over the past few years.
Lead response
The susceptibility of a motor gasoline blending component to octane improvement by addition of lead alkyl anti- knock compounds.
Lecithin
The mixed phosphatides obtained from vegetable oils in the degumming process. The main source is from soybean oil.
Leeway
The weather side of a ship is the side from which the wind is blowing. The Lee side is the side of the ship sheltered from the wind. A lee shore is a shore that is downwind of a ship. If a ship does not have enough “leeway” it is in danger of being driven onto the shore.
LEFO
Land’s end for orders
LEMA
Local Emergency Management Agency
Less Than Truckload
Also known as LTL or LCL.
Let the Cat Out of the Bag
In the Royal Navy the punishment prescribed for most serious crimes was flogging. This was administered by the Bosun's Mate using a whip called a cat o' nine tails. The "cat" was kept in a leather or baize bag. It was considered bad news indeed when the cat was let out of the bag. Other sources attribute the expression to the old English market scam of selling someone a pig in a poke(bag) when the pig turned out to be a cat instead.
Lethal Concentration Low, LC-LO
This value indicates the lowest concentration of a substance in the air that caused death in humans or laboratory animals. This value may represent periods of exposure that are less than 24 hours (acute) or greater than 24 hours (subacute and chronic).
Letter of Credit (LC)
A document, issued by a bank per instructions by a buyer of goods, authorizing the seller to draw a specified sum of money under specified terms, usually the receipt by the bank of certain documents within a given time.
Letter of Indemnity
In order to obtain the clean bill of lading, the shipper signs a letter of indemnity to the carrier on the basis of which may be obtained the clean bill of lading, although the dock or mate’s receipt showed that the shipment was damaged or in bad condition.
LGC or L.G.C.
Longitudinal Center of Gravity: That point at which the combined weight of all the items that constitute a ship's weight are considered to be concentrated; usually stated as either aft or forward of the middle perpendicular or the midship frame.
LGFM
London Grain Fixtures Market
LGSP
Liquid Gas Sampling Procudures (SIGTTO)
LHAR
London, Hull, Antwerp, Rotterdam range
LIBA
Lloyd's Insurance Brokers Association
Lien
A legal claim upon goods for the satisfaction of some debt or duty.
LIFO
Liner In Free Out or Last In First Out
Lift
To take purchased product by loading it aboard a transportation vessel at the point of production or storage.
Lifter
A product purchaser who takes (lifts) crude, fuel, or feedstock physically from a producer's or reseller's facility. Oil frequently has a buyer and a lifter. The buyer, some times a contract holder, sells his stem to someone else who lifts it from the source.
Lifting
Process of loading cargo for transport.
Lifting subjects
Confirmation of a deal by removal of any exceptions--any subjects--left open at the time of its conclusion.
Light Crude
Crude oil that is easier to pump and process due to a lower viscosity.
Light ends
Hydrocarbons lighter than naphtha derived from crude oil and natural gas processing. The industry also describes this collection of volatile materials as “C 4 and lighter.” Butane, propane, ethane and methane, the predominant hydrocarbons in this cut, would evaporate once separated from the rest of the oil barrel unless confined in special storage vessels or re-dissolved in heavier fractions. All the substances in this fraction boil below 90 F.
Light naphtha
A naphtha cut with a boiling range which commonly extends from pentane through 175 F or perhaps a bit higher. The exact end point varies with the needs and objectives refiner. See NAPHTHA.
Light products
Refinery products in the middle distillate and naphtha boiling ranges.
Lightening
A vessel discharges part of its cargo at anchor into a lighter to reduce the vessel’s draft so it can then get alongside a pier.
Lighter
An open or covered barge towed by a tugboat and used mainly in harbors and inland waterways to carry cargo to/from alongside a vessel.
Lighterage
Refers to carriage of goods by lighter and the charge assessed there from.
Lightering
Unloading of cargo from deep draft vessels into smaller vessels that are able to enter shallower ports.
Lightering
ship-to-ship transfer of cargo in deepwater to complete loading of a vessel leaving a shallow load port (or berth) or to partially unload one which draws too much water to reach a shallow point.
Lighthouse Tender
A vessel equipped for supply of stores and personnel to lighthouses
Lightship
A vessel specifically designed for use as a lightship for use as a navigational mark
Limestone Carrier
A single deck cargo vessel for the carriage of limestone in bulk. There are no weather deck hatches. May be self discharging
Line–Haul
Transportation from one city to another as differentiated from local switching service.
Liner
A vessel advertising sailings on a specified trade route on a regular basis. It is not necessary that every named port be called on every voyage.
Linkspan/Jetty
Any classified linkspan, jetty or floating access pontoon
Linoleic Acid
Linoleic acid is the most important poly-unsaturated fatty acid, naturally occurring in natural fats and oils (C18:2). It is an essential fatty acid, i.e. a dietary requirement for healthy animals. Physiologically important as a precursor for the production of prostaglandin.
Linolenic Acid
It is widely distributed in nature as a major component of many of the more highly unsaturated vegetable oils (C18:3). It is a major component of linseed oil and its high degree of unsaturation is responsible for the drying properties of the oil.
Lipid
Historically a general term for natural organic products that are insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents. The most common lipids are the neutral triglycerides (oils, fats) but the term includes minor components, often of biological importance, such as phosphatides, sterols, squalene and partial glycerides.
Lipoprotein
Any of the class of proteins that contain a lipid combined with a simple protein.
Liquefaction
Process that takes clean natural gas and condenses it using a refrigeration process. Temperature of the gas is reduced to a very frigid - 260°F (-163°C), reducing its volume by more than 600 times. At this temperature LNG can be stored and transported as a liquid without having to be pressurized.
Liquefied Natural Gas
LNG - Natural gas that has been cooled to - 260°F ( - 163°C), which liquefies it for safer, easier transport.
Liquidated Damages
The penalty a seller must pay if the construction project does not meet contractual standards or dead- lines.
List
The amount in degrees that a vessel tilts from the vertical.
Listless
When a ship was listless, she was sitting still and upright in the water, with no wind to make her lean over (list) and drive ahead.
Liter
1.06 liquid U.S. quarts or 33.9 fluid ounces.
Live Fish Carrier (Well Boat)
A vessel for the carriage of live fish in water tanks
Livestock Carrier
A cargo vessel arranged for the carriage of livestock
LKG&BKG
Leakage and breakage
LL
Load lines or Long Lenghts
LLDPE
Linear Low Density Polyethylene. A plastic that is used predominantly in film applications due to its toughness, flexibility and relative transparency. LLDPE is the preferred resin for injection molding because of its superior toughness and is used in items such as grocery bags, garbage bags and landfill liners. (Adapted from Modern Plastics Encyclopedia 1995)
LLMC
Limitation of Liability for Marine Claims
Lloyds’ Registry
An organization maintained for the surveying and classing of ships so that insurance underwriters and others may know the quality and condition of the vessels offered for insurance or employment.
LMC
Lloyd's Machinery Certificate
LMMA
London Maritime Arbitration Association
LNG
Liquefied Natural Gas: Natural gas that has been converted temporarily to liquid form for ease of storage or transport.
LNG (Liquefied Natural Gas)
Natural gas will liquefy at a temperature of approximately -259 F or -160 C at atmospheric pressure. One cubic foot of liquefied gas will expand to approximately 600 cubic feet of gas at atmospheric pressure.
LNG Carriers
Liquefied Natural Gas Carriers - Specialized ships that carry super-cooled liquefied natural gas.
LNG Tanker
A tanker for the bulk carriage of Liquefied Natural Gas (primarily methane) in independent insulated tanks. Liquefaction is achieved at temperatures down to -163 deg C
LNGC (LNG Carrier)
An ocean-going ship specially constructed to carry LNG in tanks at 160 C. Current average carrying capacity of LNGs is 125,000 cubic metres. Many LNGCs presently under construction or on order are in the 210,000 – 215,000 cubic metre range.
LO/LO
Lift-On Lift-Off or Load-On Load-Off
LOA
Length Over All or Letter of Appointment
LOA
Length-over-all. Distance between the fore-most and aft-most points of a ship.
Load Center
A high volume container port effectively reducing vessel port calls by concentrating intermodal sea-land transfers at a few large ports rather than spreading them out among a larger number of small ports.
Load Line
The waterline corresponding to the maximum draft to which a vessel is permitted to load, either by freeboard regulations, the conditions of classification, or the conditions of service. See also Plimsoll Mark.
Load on Top
The procedure where a crude oil cargo is loaded into tanks on top of residues from a previous cargo (these residues are normally held in a "slop tank" and are the result of tank washing and dirty ballast decanting operations on pre-MARPOL ships).
Loaded specs
The quality of a cargo of oil as tested at loading aboard a vessel. Information frequently offered as actual specifications.
