Interesterication
A term given to the production of esters by interaction of two esters in the presence of an alkaline or enzymatic catalyst.
Interesterification
Interesterification modifies the natural distribution of the fatty acids in fats and oils. By the use of a catalyst the combined fatty acids are induced to become detached from their original glycerol molecule and reattached in a random manner (random interesterification). A modification of this process is to lower the temperature until some of the newly formed high melting glycerides crystallise out (directed interesterification). The processes result in a different triglyceride composition which, in turn, leads to physical properties different from the native fats or oils. The products may be more useful for making margarine, vanaspati and shortening.
INTERGRAF
International Confederation of Printing and Allied Industries
Intergranular corrosion
Corrosion in or adjacent to the grain boundaries of a metal
Interior Channel
The access channel system inside a water body that connects the entrance channel (inlet or bar) to a port or harbor with appropriate ship facilities. Interior channels are usually located to provide some protection from waves and weather and are located in bays, estuaries, or rivers (EM 1110-2-1613).
Interline Freight
Freight moving from origin to destination over the Freight lines of two or more transportation car- riers.
Intermediate
A partially refined petroleum stream. Such materials require further processing to make finished products. Various intermediates sell as feedstocks. The industry also uses this word as an adjective to designate a medium score on some quality ranking--between sweet and sour, for instance.
Intermediate
A chemical intermediate is any substance generated by one step in a synthetic process and used for the succeeding step.
Intermediate crude
Petroleum with sulfur content between sweet and sour--often defined as between 0.5 and 1.0 weight percent sulfur.
Intermediate Point
A point located en route between two other points.
INTERMODAL
Carriage of a commodity by different modes of transport, i.e. sea, road, rail and air within a single journey.
International Ship and Port Security Code (ISPS)
It is an amendment to the Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS) Convention (1974/1988) on minimum security arrangements for ships, ports and government agencies. Having come into force in 2004, it prescribes responsibilities to governments, shipping companies, shipboard personnel, and port/ facility personnel to “detect security threats and take preventative measures against security incidents affecting ships or port facilities used in international trade.”
INTERTANKO
The International Association of Independent Tanker Owners: An international organisation based in London whose aim is to represent the views of its members at International Forums.
Invoice
An itemized list of goods shipped to a buyer, stating quantities, prices, shipping charges, etc.
Inward Foreign Manifest (IFM)
A complete listing of all cargo entering the country of discharge. Required at all world ports and is the primary source of cargo control, against which duty is assessed by the receiving country.
Iodine Value
Iodine value is a measure of the total number of unsaturated double bonds present in an oil. Determination of iodine value involves the addition of an excess of halogen to the sample, reaction of the excess halogen with potassium iodide and titration of liberated iodine with standard sodium thiosulphate using starch solution as the indicator. Of the many procedures available, the most widely used are the Wijs (iodine monochloride) and Hanus (iodine) methods.
IOP
Irrespecitve of percentage
IOPC
International Oil Pollution Compensation (fund)
IOPP
International Oil Pollution Prevention Certificate
IOPPC
International Oil Pollution Prevention Certificate
IPA
Intermediate Pressure Ahead
IPI
Inland Point Intermodal: Refers to inland points (non–ports) that can be served by carriers on a through bill of lading.
IPIF
International Petrochemical Information Forum
IPOC
Initial Point of Contact
IPP NLS
International Pollution Prevention Noxious Liquid Substance Certificate
IPPC
EU Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control (see Best Available Techniques)
IPS
Intermediate Pressure astern
IPSO FACTO
By the fact itself
Iron
Iron acts as a catalyst in oxidation processes and thus it is detrimental to the quality of oils and fats. Iron is a trace metal, its presence in vegetable oils is mainly due to contamination such as wear and tear of machinery during extraction and during transportation. The natural iron content of a crude oil can rise to 4 or 5 ppm due to milling processes, transport and storage. The normal iron content of fully refined oil is 0.1 ppm or less. However, contamination during transport occasionally causes substantial increases.
Irrevocable Letter of Credit
Letter of credit in which the specified payment is guaranteed by the bank if all terms and conditions are met by the drawee and which cannot be revoked without joint agreement of both the buyer and the seller.
Irritant
A substance that produces an irritating effect when it contacts the skin, eyes, nose or respiratory system.
IRS
Indian Register of Shipping
ISF
International Shipping Federation
ISGOTT
International Safety Guide for Oil Tankers and Terminals: A comprehensive guide to the safe conduct of all tanker and terminal cargo related operations
ISIF
International Styrene Information Forum. For more information, click here.
ISIS
Integrated Ship Inspection System (see CDI)
ISLWG
International Shipping Legislation Working Group (UNCTAD)
ISM
International Safety Management
ISM Code
Provides an international standard for the safe management and operation of ships and for pollution prevention. This is a regulatory requirement for shipping companies.
ISM(C)
International Safety Management Code
ISMC
International Safety Management Code
ISO
Instead of or International Standard Organization
ISO 14001
Provides standards on how to manage a company''s activities in a way that minimizes harm to the environment.
ISO 9001
Provides standards any company can use to deliver good quality products or services.
Isobutanol
Isobutanol is a colorless, flammable organic compound classified as an alcohol. As such, it is widely used as a solvent in chemical reactions and as a starting material for organic synthesis.
Isobutyl acetate
Isobutyl acetate is a common solvent, produced from the esterification of isobutanol with acetic acid.
Isobutylene
Isobutylene is used in organic synthesis and in the production of high octane aviation gasoline. Its main use is in the production of butyl rubber where it comprises 98% of the raw material used.
Isomer
Compounds containing the same elements in the same proportions which can exist in more than one structural form, e.g. geometric, positional or cyclic.
Isomer
One of two or more compounds of the same type and chemical formula but different configurations. For example two C4 paraffins, isobutane and normal butane have the same number of carbon and hydrogen atoms. But the carbons form a T shape in one and a straight line in the other. This difference gives each of the two isomers its own properties and uses.
Isomer-Isomeric
Two or more substances that have identical molecular formulas but different molecular structures or configurations, and hence different properties, are called isomers. Isomers differ only in the arrangement of their component atoms.
Isomerate
The motor gasoline blendstock made by a C5-C6 isomerization unit.
Isomerisation
The chemical process by which a compound is transformed into any of its isomeric forms, i.e., forms with the same chemical composition but with different structure or configuration and, hence, generally with different physical and chemical properties. An example is the conversion of n-butane to its branched-chain isomer, isobutane, by heating the butane to 100° C or higher in the presence of a catalyst.
Isomers
Materials having the same chemical formula but having different structures and properties.
Isomerzation
A process which forces one isomer to become another. The most common application in the oil industry involves twisting linear paraffins into branched-chain form. Many refiners turn into isobutane, and a normal pentane hexane stream into an isopentaneisohexane mix. Some petrochemicals producers use an isomerization process to make para-xylene as possible from mixed xylenes.
ISOPA
The European Isocyanate Producers Association, an affiliate of Cefic.
Isoparaffins
Branched-chain saturate hydrocarbons. Any paraffin composed of four or more carbon atoms can have one or more isoparaffinic isomers.
Isophorone
Isophorone is a clear liquid that can be dissolved in water. It is an industrial chemical used extensively as a solvent in some printing inks, paints, lacquers, adhesives, vinyl resins, copolymers, coatings, finishes, and pesticides, in addition to being used as a chemical intermediate.
Isopropanol
Isopropanol is a major component of rubbing alcohols. Isopropanol is a secondary alcohol. It is one of the cheapest alcohols and has replaced ethanol for many uses because of its similar solvent properties. Isopropanol was formerly obtained largely by catalytic reduction of acetone ; oxidation of isopropanol is now the major source of acetone.
Isopropyl acetate
Isopropyl Acetate is a fast evaporating, mild odor solvent that is miscible with most common organic solvents and has properties intermediate between ethyl and butyl acetates. Isopropyl acetate can be used as surfactant in cleaning fluids, coatings, coatings for automotive, coatings for plastic, nail care, printing inks, solvents for cosmetics and personal care, and solvents for fragrances.
ISPS
International Ship and Port Facility Security
ISPS CODE
International Ship and Port Facility Security Code
ISSC
International Ship Security Certificate
Issuing Bank
Bank that opens a straight or negotiable letter of credit and assumes the obligation to pay the bank or beneficiary if the documents presented are in accordance with the terms of the letter of credit.
Issuing Carrier
The carrier issuing transportation documents or publishing a tariff.
ISTEC
Intertanko Technical Committee
ISWG
Intersessional Working Group on Maritime Security
IT
Immediate Transport: The document (prepared by the carrier) allows shipment to proceed from the port of entry in the U.S. to Customs clearing at the destination. The shipment clears Customs at its final destination. Also called an “In–Transit” Entry.
ITC
International Tonnage Certificate
ITF
International Transport Workers Fedration
ITF
International Transportworkers Federation
ITF or ITFW
International Transport Worker’s Federation
ITOPF
International Tanker Owners Pollution Federation
ITOSF
Informal Tanker Operator's Safety Forum
IUATUC
If used actual time used to count
IUATUTC
If Used, Actual Time Used To Count
IUHATUTC
If Used, Half Actual Time Used To Count
IUHTAUTC
If Used, Half Time Actually used to Count
IV
Invoice value or increased value
IVR
Rhine Barge Register: International Association for the representation of the mutual interests of the inland shipping and the insurance and for keeping the register of inland vessels in Europe.
IWL
Institute Warranty Limits
j. & w.o.
Jettison and washing overboard
Jacket
A wood or fiber cover placed around such containers as cans and bottles.
Jacket Launching Pontoon
A pontoon designed for positioning and launching jackets for offshore use
Jacket Launching Pontoon, semi submersible
A semi submersible pontoon designed for positioning and launching jackets for offshore use
Jacob’s Ladder
A rope ladder suspended from the side of a vessel and used for boarding.
JCRA
Joint Common Risks Agreement
Jet
A nickname for kerosene-range aviation turbine fuel. A somewhat longer expression, jet kero, also enjoys wide popularity as a substitute for the formal designation.
Jet A-1
ASTM's designation for the most common grade of aviation turbine fuel.
JET KERO
A shortened version of “jet kerosene.” See aviation turbine fuel.
Jetties
Structural features that provide obstructions to littoral drift, control entrance currents, prevent or reduce shoaling in the entrance channel, maintain channel alignment, and provide protection from waves for navigation (EM 1110-2-1613).
Jettison
Act of throwing cargo or equipment (jetsam) overboard when a ship is in danger.
JIT
Just In Time: In this method of inventory control, warehousing is minimal or non–existent; the container is the movable warehouse and must arrive “just in time;” not too early nor too late.
Joint Rate
A rate applicable from a point on one transportation line to a point on another line, made by agreement and published in a single tariff by all transportation lines over which the rate applies.
Joint Service
Two or more shipping companies jointly operating a service
Joint Survey
An Inspection carried out by a surveyor on behalf of two parties with the cost generally being borne by both. Generally, cargo surveys often fall under this category, but surveys are carried out for a myriad of reasons, including but not limited to on and off-hire, vettings and damage surveys.
Joint Venture
A Joint Venture is a contractual arrangement whereby two or more parties control jointly an economic activity. The economic activity is carried through a separate enterprise (company or partnership, it is handled as a jointly controlled enterprise. Joint
JP-4
Jet B. A common grade of military jet fuel. The industry habitually calls this product naphtha-type jet because it has a lower boiling range than civil jet kero.
JP-5
A heart cut of jet A-1 favored aboard aircraft carriers for its high flash point.
JPCA
Japan Petrochemical Industry Association
JSA
Japanese Shipowners' Association
JSIA
Japanese Styrene Industry Association .
JST
Japan Standard Time (GMT+9)
Junk
Old rope no longer able to take a load, it was cut into shorter lengths and used to make mops and mats.
Jury Rig
A temporary repair to keep a disabled ship sailing until it could make port, such as a jury sail erected when the mast was lost or a jury rudder as an emergency means of steering when the ship’s rudder was damaged.
K
Ship Stability: Symbol for keel
K OW
Octanol-water partition coefficient. The ratio of a chemical's solubility in n-octanol and water at steady state; also expressed as P. The logarithm of P or K OW (i.e., log P or K OW) is used as an indication of a chemical's propensity of bioconcentration by aquatic organisms.
Kamsramax
A Kamsarmax type bulk carrier is basically a 82,000 dwt Panamax with an increased LOA = 229 m (for Port Kamsar in Equatorial Guinea).
Karl Fischer
The measurement of small amounts of water in oils and fats is most suitably done by the Karl Fischer procedure in which the water is reacted with a special reagent. Unlike methods using oven drying, the Karl Fischer method is specific for water. It is particularly suitable for water contents below 0.2% in oil.
KB
Ship Stability: Linear, distance from the keel to the center of buoyancy.
Keel
Longitudinal girder at lowest point of a ship, from which the framework is built up. The keel provides ship with stability and structural integrity.
Kelp Dredger
A vessel equipped for harvesting kelp seaweed
Kerosene
A petroleum product which boils between naphtha gasoil. This cut's distillation range can vary to accommodate other products. Many refiners want to take naphtha as high as 350 or 375 F. In those cases, the kerosene cut has a rather high initial boiling point. Many crudes permit a good quality kerosene to start as light as 320 –330 F. For some crudes, kero's final boiling point might come as low as 450 F while for others it may exceed 500 F. Aviation turbine fuel, jet gives kerosene a large outlet. Household heating and illuminating markets also consume kerosene.
Ketone
An important starting material and intermediate in organic synthesis. Many ketones of industrial significance are used as solvents, perfumes, and flavoring agents or as intermediates in the manufacture of plastics, dyes, and pharmaceuticals.
KG
Ship Stability: Height of center of gravity of the vessel above keel or baseline
Kilogram
1,000 grams or 2.2046 pounds.
Kinematic viscosity
A measure of liquid's rate of flow under gravity. The standard test of this property determines the time a sample of material requires to drain through a laboratory vessel.
King Pin
A coupling pin centered on the front underside of a chassis; couples to the tractor.
KMC
cargo refrigerating system
KN or KTS or KNOTS
Nautical miles per hour
Knocked Down (KD)
Articles which are taken apart to reduce the cubic footage displaced or to make a better shipping unit and are to be re–assembled
Knocking
Preignition. If the gasolineair vapor in a motor's cylinders is too compressed, the heat produced will cause it to ignite without the aid of a spark. This uncontrolled combustion probably will not occur at the ideal moment to transfer energy and promote rotation of the crankshaft. In audible cases, the exploding fuel charge expands against a rising piston creating vibrations and an accompanying rattle.
Knot
One nautical mile (6,076 feet or 1852 meters) per hour. In the days of sail, speed was measured by tossing overboard a log which was secured by a line. Knots were tied into the line at intervals of ap- proximately six feet. The number of knots measured was then compared against time required to travel the distance of 1000 knots in the line.
Known Loss
A loss discovered before or at the time of delivery of a shipment.
Kommandittselskap (K/S)
Limited partnership. A form of shipfinancing
KPIA
Korean Petrochemical Industry Association .
KR
Korea or Korean Register
Kyoto Protocol
International agreement, adopted under the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), which aims to reduce greenhouse gas emissions
L.B.H.
Length / breadth / height
L.T. or LT or LTONS
Long tons
L/C
Lay Can or Letter of credit
L/C or LAYCAN or LC or LYCN
Laydays/Canceling date
L/C or LC
Letter of credit
L/I or LOI
Letter of indemnity
L/S or LS or LPS or LUMPS
Lumpsum
LA
Los Angeles (USA) or Letter of Authority or Letter of Appointment
Lacyhrymator
A material which produces an excess production of tear fluid when it comes into contact with the eye.
Laden
Loaded aboard a vessel.
Lading
Refers to the freight shipped; the contents of a shipment.
Lakers
Bulkers prominent on the Great Lakes, often identifiable by having a forward house which helps in transiting locks. Operating in fresh water, these ships suffer much less corrosion damage and have a much longer lifespan than saltwater ships.
Landbridge
Movement of cargo by water from one country through the port of another country, thence, using rail or truck, to an inland point in that country or to a third country. As example, a through movement of Asian cargo to Europe across North America.
Landed Cost
The total cost of a good to a buyer, including the cost of transportation.
Landing Certificate
Certificate issued by consular officials of some importing countries at the point or place of export when the subject goods are exported under bond.
Landing Craft
An open deck cargo vessel onto which cargo is loaded and unloaded over a bow door/ramp
Landing Gear
A support fixed on the front part of a chassis (which is retractable); used to support the front end of a chassis when the tractor has been removed.
Landing Ship (Dock Type)
A combat vessel designed for the transport of troops, using a semi submersible dock to launch landing craft or helicopters, and with ro-ro ramp facilities
LANE METER
whereby each unit of space (Linear Meter) is represented by an area of deck 1.0 meter in length x 2.0 meters in width.
Lanemeter
Primarily used to indicate the cargo capacity of a roll–on/roll–off car carrier. It is one meter of deck with a width of 2.5 to 3.0 meters.
Lard
The rendered fat of the pig. One of the traditional cooking fats, especially in Europe and USA. The best quality lard is obtained from the internal fats surrounding the kidney etc. Pork backfat is significantly softer in character.
LAT
Latitude or Lowest Astronomical Tide
Latex (pl. latices)
A water emulsion of a synthetic rubber or plastic obtained by polymerization and used especially in coatings, paints and adhesives. Latices include a binder dispersed in the water and form films by fusion of the plastic particles as the water evaporates. Properties of these films, such as hardness, flexibility, toughness, adhesion, color retention, and resistance to chemicals, depend on the composition of the plastic.
Latex Tanker
A tanker for the bulk carriage of latex
Lauric Acid
Lauric acid is a commonly distributed, naturally occurring saturated fatty acid (C12:0). The richest common sources of lauric acid are coconut, palm kernel and babassu oils.
Lauric Fats and Oils
The largest volume lauric fats and oils are coconut and palm kernel, which are vital to the manufacture of surfactants among other applications. Lauric oils typically contain 40-50% lauric acid (C12) in combination with lesser amounts of other relatively low-molecular-weight fatty acids.
Lauric Oils
Oils containing 40-50% lauric acids (C12 ) in combination with other relatively low molecular weight fatty acids. Coconut and palm kernel oils are principal examples.
Laycan
The period when a spot chartered ship must arrive to load a cargo. The word combines “laydays” and “cancellation” as does the concept. Charter parties specify a range of days when the terminal will receive the ship which corresponds to the laydays of the stem. This period ends with the last moment a ship can give notice of readiness to berth and lift a cargo within its laydays. If the tanker does not arrive by that point, the charterer usually has several options including cancelling the charter.
Laydays
The ship-loading window allotted to a parcel of oil. A supplier names a period of time when his customer must lift the oil he has purchased. Cargoes get several days, barges perhaps a single day, consistent with the time required to load the quantity involved. The window takes account of the flexibility needed in commercial shipping. But it also considers shore tank capabilities and the need to use terminals and berths efficiently. Laydays, also called stem dates, can become the identity tag of a cargo. A refinery, for instance, which continuously produces and ships a grade of motor gasoline cannot make many practical distinctions between one lot and another. Hence, the trade talks about some oil company's July 14-16 unleaded regular or December7-9 DERD –2494.
Laytime
A specific number of hours, named in the pertinent charter party, a tanker must prepare to spend on berth at the shipowner's expense. Details vary from one fixture to another. Usually, though, owner and charterer agree on a total laytime for a voyage which must accommodate loading and discharge. The charterer pays for any hours over that number as demurrage.
